For a long time, Ethereum has been closely associated with the decentralized finance sector, pioneering on-chain financial tools such as lending protocols and tokenized assets. However, the rapidly expanding sector of perpetual futures, also known as 'perps,' has primarily flourished on other platforms. When asking traders about the current hub for on-chain perpetuals, they are more likely to mention Hyperliquid or Solana rather than Ethereum.
This is because perpetuals require extremely fast, low-cost, and high-frequency trading, which is not what Ethereum's base layer was designed to optimize. According to AJ Warner, chief strategy officer at Offchain Labs, the main developer firm behind the layer-2 Arbitrum, 'Perps demand frequent transactions, fast execution, and deep liquidity, making them a natural use case for the Arbitrum platform.' The distinction has become increasingly important as decentralized perpetual exchanges mature and attract institutional attention. Perpetuals are one of the most demanding applications in crypto, requiring thousands of rapid-fire updates, liquidations, funding payments, and order executions without interruption.
Ethereum's security-first architecture made it an ideal settlement layer, but its block times and gas costs made it expensive for running latency-sensitive trading applications. When GMX, a decentralized perps exchange, launched on Arbitrum in 2021, it established a template that many others would follow. 'Ethereum mainnet fees were prohibitively expensive, which naturally attracted perps builders to Arbitrum,' Warner said. Offchain Labs then prioritized perpetuals as a strategic category, attracting a concentration of builders and capital to the ecosystem.
Today, much of Ethereum's perpetual trading activity takes place not on the Ethereum mainnet but on layer-2 networks like Arbitrum and Base. Ethereum's layer-2 ecosystem has become a compromise, preserving Ethereum's security while dramatically improving trading performance. Networks like Arbitrum and Base have reduced block times and become attractive trading destinations due to their growing user base and liquidity. Chris Boulous of Dromos Labs argued that technical performance is only part of the story, saying 'trading is effectively a network-effects business.' You have to build where the liquidity and users currently exist, and that dynamic has become self-reinforcing.
Protocols launch where traders already are, liquidity providers follow the traders, and then new applications build around existing liquidity. Boulous sees Aerodrome as complementary to perpetual exchanges rather than competitive with them, thinking of perps as a customer of spot exchanges.
Spot exchanges provide pricing, liquidity, and hedging opportunities that perpetual markets depend on. 'Spot and perps are two sides of the same liquidity coin.' Solana and Hyperliquid have also established themselves as high-performance trading infrastructure. Hyperliquid built an application-specific chain optimized almost entirely for perpetual trading, while Solana combined low fees with a large base of retail traders.
According to Smith of Jito, the user base matters as much as the technology, and 'Solana is the king of retail trading activity.' Smith also argues that Ethereum faces an additional challenge: fragmentation. 'You need to be able to trade everything in a single spot,' he said.
'What Ethereum is suffering from is a level of fragmentation.' Ethereum's scaling strategy relied on layer-2 networks like Arbitrum and Base to handle high-volume activity, reducing costs and improving performance but also dispersing users and liquidity across multiple ecosystems. Traders often need to bridge assets between networks, making the experience less seamless than on single-chain ecosystems such as Solana. Not everyone sees that fragmentation as a fatal flaw, however. Some Ethereum proponents argue that the focus on execution misses the network's longer-term role in the on-chain financial stack.
Matthieu Saint Olive, a staff product manager at MetaMask, argues that 'Ethereum's role is the settlement and collateral base where the deepest liquidity, the widest range of assets, the stablecoins, and the most mature DeFi primitives live.' Several leading perpetual trading platforms operate directly on Ethereum layer 2s or remain closely connected to Ethereum's ecosystem for collateral, settlement, and developer tooling. As institutions begin paying closer attention to on-chain derivatives, the conversation is shifting from whether decentralized perpetuals can work to whether they can compete with traditional infrastructure.
Institutions still need deeper liquidity, more efficient capital usage, and better execution before deploying significant trading volume on-chain. For Boulous, the next milestone is straightforward: 'You have to be able to do things on-chain that you can't do, or can't do as cheaply, in traditional markets.' While much of today's decentralized perpetual volume still revolves around crypto assets, market participants increasingly see the infrastructure supporting perps as the foundation for broader capital markets. Saint Olive believes perpetuals are already demonstrating what programmable markets can become, thinking of perps as the leading indicator, the first place to watch traditional financial activity genuinely migrate on-chain.
That may also explain why Ethereum's role in the market is evolving rather than diminishing. Solana and purpose-built chains like Hyperliquid have established themselves as venues for high-speed transactions, while Ethereum is increasingly positioning itself as the settlement and collateral layer that underpins those markets through its layer-2 ecosystem and broader DeFi infrastructure. Whether that division of labor persists will depend on how quickly Ethereum can solve some of the challenges its critics point to: fragmented liquidity across layer 2s, better interoperability between networks, and a smoother user experience. If it can, proponents argue Ethereum doesn't necessarily need to become the fastest place to trade perpetuals; it simply needs to remain the deepest and most trusted place to settle them.