Aave Faces Potential Losses of Up to $230 Million Following Kelp DAO Bridge Exploit

A recent exploit of the Kelp DAO and LayerZero bridge has put lending protocol Aave at risk of losing up to $230 million, contingent upon the resolution of the situation. According to a report published by Aave Labs and LlamaRisk on the Aave governance forum, the incident revolves around rsETH, a liquid restaking token issued by KelpDAO, which relies on a bridge mechanism to transfer tokens between blockchains. An attacker manipulated this setup by creating a forged transfer message, resulting in the creation of new tokens without backing and the release of 116,500 rsETH from the Ethereum-side bridge. Instead of selling the assets, the attacker used 89,567 rsETH as collateral to borrow approximately $190 million in ETH and related assets across Ethereum and Arbitrum, leaving Aave vulnerable to collateral with potentially impaired backing. Aave Labs acted swiftly to mitigate the risk by freezing rsETH markets, setting loan-to-value ratios to zero, and halting new borrowing against the asset. The outcome now largely depends on how Kelp handles the shortfall, with two possible scenarios: if losses are spread across all rsETH holders, the token may experience a 15% depegging, resulting in around $124 million in bad debt for Aave, or if losses are isolated to Layer 2 networks, the impact could be more severe, with bad debt rising to roughly $230 million. The exploit was made possible by weaknesses in Kelp's verification of cross-chain messages using LayerZero, which allowed the attacker to manipulate the process and extract value from the system. The incident has raised concerns about the potential for undercollateralized loans and has led to a withdrawal of around $6 billion in total value locked from Aave. The episode highlights Aave's indirect exposure to external systems, with increased collateral risk, pressure on lending positions, and a decline in deposits as users reassess the safety of interconnected DeFi infrastructure. Discussions are underway with ecosystem participants to address potential losses, with the report stating that the DAO treasury holds approximately $181 million in assets.