The US government has made its strongest claim yet that sports betting can be regulated as a financial activity rather than gambling. In a recent court filing, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Department of Justice requested a federal court to prevent Arizona from enforcing its gambling laws against Kalshi, a prediction market operator. The agencies argue that contracts related to sports, elections, and other real-world events are financial derivatives known as swaps, which fall under federal oversight. If the courts agree, this could shift control of the rapidly growing market from states to the federal government, allowing prediction platforms to operate nationwide under a unified set of rules.
At the heart of the case is the question of what constitutes a bet. Arizona and several other states believe that contracts on sports outcomes are equivalent to traditional wagers and should be regulated as gambling, with licensing requirements, age restrictions, and consumer protections. However, federal regulators disagree, arguing that the structure of the contracts is what matters, not the events they track.
Because the payouts depend on the occurrence of a future event with potential economic consequences, these products fall under the same legal framework as derivatives tied to commodities or interest rates. This interpretation would place prediction markets firmly under the Commodity Exchange Act, giving the CFTC exclusive jurisdiction and limiting the ability of individual states to shut down or restrict these platforms. The ongoing legal battle has been building for months, resulting in conflicting rulings.
A federal appeals court in New Jersey recently ruled in favor of Kalshi, finding that its sports contracts are presumptively allowed under federal law unless the CFTC intervenes. In contrast, courts in other jurisdictions have been more receptive to state arguments, allowing enforcement actions to proceed.
The government has warned that allowing states to prosecute federally regulated exchanges would undermine a national market that Congress intended to oversee at the federal level. Ultimately, the courts will decide whether the CFTC's comparison between sports betting contracts and those tied to oil prices or interest rates is valid.